Reduction potential of urban PM2.5 mortality risk using modern ventilation systems in buildings

Urban PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 microm) is associated with excess mortality and other health effects. Stationary sources are regulated and considerable effort is being put into developing low-pollution vehicles and environment-friendly transportation systems. While waiting for technological breakthroughs in emission controls, the current work assesses the exposure reductions achievable by a complementary means: efficient filtration of supply air in buildings. For this purpose infiltration factors for buildings of different ages are quantified using Exposures of Adult Urban Populations in Europe Study (EXPOLIS) measurements of indoor and outdoor concentrations in a population-based probability sample of residential and occupational buildings in Helsinki, Finland. These are entered as inputs into an evaluated simulation model to compare exposures in the current scenario with an alternative scenario, where the distribution of ambient PM2.5 infiltration factors in all residential and occupational buildings are assumed to be similar to the subset of existing occupational buildings using supply air filters. In the alternative scenario exposures to ambient PM2.5 were reduced by 27%. Compared with source controls, a significant additional benefit is that infiltration affects particles from all outdoor sources. The large fraction of time spent indoors makes the reduction larger than what probably can be achieved by local transport policies or other emission controls in the near future. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: It has been suggested that indoor concentrations of ambient particles and the associated health risks can be reduced by using mechanical ventilation systems with supply air filtering in buildings. The current work quantifies the effects of these concentration reductions on population exposures using population-based data from Helsinki and an exposure model. The estimated exposure reductions suggest that correctly defined building codes may reduce annual premature mortality by hundreds in Finland and by tens of thousands in the developed world altogether.     

“山竹”台风对广州市滨江园林树木的 影响——以临江大道及带状公园为例

临江大道及其带状公园是广州市沿江道路绿化和滨江绿地，是该城市园林景观的重要组成部分。由于2018年第22号“山竹”台风的影响，临江大道园林树木受损严重。基于临江大道行道树安全检测评估，综合“山竹”台风灾后临江大道及带状公园的树木受损情况进行了分析，结果发现不同的树种其抗风性差异较大；对6种重要的不同树种倒伏进行Logistic回归分析，发现相关的种树之间的倒伏差异极显著。从树木安全评估角度去探讨滨江园林树木受损、树种选择与种植情况，为华南地区城市滨江园林树木养护和修复提供参考和借鉴。     

Application of real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of selected bacterial pathogens during municipal wastewater treatment

Bacteria were detected at five stages of municipal wastewater treatment using TaqMan(R) real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Thirteen probe and primer sets were tested for diverse pathogens that may be present in wastewater, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The sensitivity of the assay was 100 fg of genomic DNA (=22 gene copies), based on a standard curve generated using A. hydrophila purified DNA. Samples from five stages of wastewater treatment were collected, including raw wastewater, primary effluents, mixed liquor, waste activated sludge and final effluents. In duplicate samples, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. perfringens and E. faecalis were detected throughout the wastewater process, and their numbers decreased by 3.52-3.98, 4.23-4.33, 3.15-3.39, and 3.24 orders of magnitude respectively, between the raw wastewater and final effluent stage. This qPCR method was effective for the detection of pathogens in wastewater and confirmed that the risk of exposure to pathogens in the wastewater discharge was well within the Environment Canada guidelines.     

大跨桥梁索塔有限元模型修正

首先采用不同的方法分别建立了大跨桥梁索塔的精细有限元模型和简化模型，运用环境振动实测结果对简化有限元模型进行了修正，并和精细模型计算结果相比较；研究结果表明：严格按照设计图纸建立的精细有限元模型计算得到的动力特性与索塔现场环境振动实测值之间的误差较小，而未经修正的简化模型误差较大，由此说明：大跨桥梁在有限元建模时应尽可能详细地反映结构的几何与材料特性，在此前提下，对于设计资料全面的桥梁结构，建立有限元模型时就只需要修正那些无法用数学和物理方法模拟的不确定因素。对于缺乏实测信息的在建桥梁工程，则可以应用精细有限元模型的计算结果暂时代替实测结果对简化的有限元模型进行修正。     

静载作用下钢拱桥竖向位移变化规律及安全性

公路桥梁在运营过程中,由于多种因素会产生损伤和破坏,严重影响了交通安全和运营使用,进行桥梁结构安全评估是十分有必要。传统桥梁健康状况评估方法存在诸多缺点和限制,实时健康监测系统由于资源、成本等多方面的限制,也不可能得到广泛的应用。基于桥梁在静荷载作用下的竖向位移变化规律和位移的大小,并根据现有规范的规定,通过紫下大桥的工程检测实例,分析和研究了既有钢拱桥梁的安全性,并提出了健康评估方法。     

开放性带状生态旅游区规划研究——以西藏尼洋河生态观光旅游带为例

随着生态旅游的发展，生态旅游区规划越来越需要新理论的支持和指导。西藏尼洋河生态观光旅游带的规划运用生态系统健康理论，把河流、植被、村镇、交通等作为整体规划关注对象，注重自然生态系统与人文生态系统的健康，在空间布局的基础上注重各个生态子系统的协调平衡，力求实现生态健康与旅游发展并重的目标。     

BOTDR分布式光纤传感器及其在结构健康监测中的应用

分布式光纤传感器与传统的传感器相比具有很大的优越性,已经成为传感器领域的研究热点。其中,基于布里渊散射原理的布里渊光时域反射计(BOTDR)是一个重要的发展方向。本文在介绍了BOTDR的测量原理的基础上,设计了一个钢筋的三点弯试验,由BOTDR检测钢筋的上、下表面的应变分布,通过与有限元计算结果的对比,说明了BOTDR可以比较真实地得到结构物的应变分布,将BOTDR用于结构变形的健康监测是完全可行的。     

养生保健型生态群落在城市园林中的构建

为使城市中的园林绿化以人为本，创造出安静、清新、健康的生态环境，提出利用有养生保健功能的植物来提高环境质量、杀菌和净化空气，在城市绿化中构建养生保健型生态群落，并对群落构建的目标、要求、标准和分类进行了探讨，指出植物的群落化有利于城市可持续发展。     

突发公共卫生事件背景下乡村治理的应对思考

面对突如其来的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情,各省市先后启动重大事件一级响应,构建应急响应系统,一时间社会协调、卫生防疫、城乡管理、慈善公益和科研教育等面临严峻考验。城市成为抗疫的"主战场",乡村则是抗疫的"大后方"。文章以笔者"被困"的湖南省永州市祁阳县X村的所见所闻为基础,尝试从多学科融合的角度,思考在疫情过程中乡村治理的应对及暴露的问题,并尝试分析问题产生的原因,提出新时期乡村治理的相关建议。     

斜拉桥结构健康监测系统的设计与实现(II):系统实现

采用“斜拉桥结构健康监测系统的设计与实现(I)-系统设计”中所建立的设计方法,分别为两座大型斜拉桥设计并实现长期实时健康监测系统和定期实时健康监测系统:滨州黄河公路大桥长期实时健康监测系统和哈尔滨松花江大桥定期实时健康监测系统。研究两座大型斜拉桥结构健康监测系统的总体设计方案、子系统的设计方案和硬软件设备及其实现、系统的集成技术及其实现方法;分析两套健康监测系统在成桥试验和运营中监测的桥梁结构荷载和静动力反应。结果表明,两座斜拉桥结构健康监测系统均能协调运行,实现了预期设计功能;系统中布设的光纤光栅应变和温度传感器测试精度高、耐久性好、抗电磁干扰性能强;系统中建立的远程无线微波通讯系统可以实时传输和再现监测信号。